{"id":2964,"date":"2024-09-21T12:16:19","date_gmt":"2024-09-21T12:16:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naujienulaikas.lt\/index.php\/2024\/09\/21\/some-western-nations-may-have-ignored-adoption-fraud-korean-adoptees-allege-national\/"},"modified":"2024-09-21T12:16:19","modified_gmt":"2024-09-21T12:16:19","slug":"some-western-nations-may-have-ignored-adoption-fraud-korean-adoptees-allege-national","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naujienulaikas.lt\/index.php\/2024\/09\/21\/some-western-nations-may-have-ignored-adoption-fraud-korean-adoptees-allege-national\/","title":{"rendered":"Some Western nations may have ignored adoption fraud, Korean adoptees allege &#8211; National"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"\">\n<p>Yooree Kim marched into a police station in Paris and told an officer she wanted to report a crime. Forty years ago, she said, she was kidnapped from the other side of the world, and the French government endorsed it.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>She wept as she described years spent piecing it together, stymied at every turn to get an answer to a simple question: How was she, a bright, diligent schoolgirl, with known parents whom she loved, documented as an abandoned orphan in South Korea in 1984 and sent to strangers in France? She believes the government of France \u2014 along with many Western nations \u2014 allowed families to \u201cmail order children\u201d through international adoption, and did nothing to protect them.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey were reckless,\u201d she said. \u201cThey never questioned anything. They never checked where I was from. They never checked whether my parents existed or not.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Kim was caught in an adoption machine that sent hundreds of thousands of Korean children to families in the United States, Europe and Australia. Now adults, many have since discovered that their adoption paperwork was untrue, and their quest for accountability now has spread far beyond South Korea\u2019s borders to the Western countries that claimed them.<\/p>\n<p>Those governments turned a blind eye to rampant fraud and sometimes pressured the South Korean government to keep the kids coming, an investigation led by The Associated Press has found. Documents show that at the peak of adoptions from South Korea, Western diplomats processed papers like an assembly line, despite evidence that adoption agencies were aggressively competing for babies to send abroad, pressuring mothers and paying hospitals. Governments focused on satisfying intense demand from Western families desperate for children.<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tYooree Kim, who was 11 when she was sent by an adoption agency to a couple in France, sits for a portrait as tears well up in her eyes in her apartment in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo\/Jae C. Hong).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The AP, in collaboration with Frontline (PBS), spoke with more than 80 adoptees in the U.S., Australia and Europe and examined thousands of pages of documents to reveal evidence of kidnapped or missing children ending up abroad, fabricated names, babies switched with one another and parents told their newborns were gravely sick or dead, only to discover decades later they\u2019d been sent to new parents overseas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The seismic consequences are ricocheting around the world and challenging the entire international adoption industry, which was built on the model created in South Korea.<\/p>\n<p>The Netherlands in May announced it would no longer allow its citizens to adopt from abroad. Denmark\u2019s only international adoption agency said it was shutting down, Sweden stopped adoptions from South Korea, and Norway is investigating. Switzerland apologized for failing to prevent illegal adoptions. France in March released a scathing assessment of its own culpability.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-tabs\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t<button role=\"tab\" class=\"c-tabs__tab c-tabs__tab--active\" type=\"button\">More on World<\/button><br \/>\n\t\t\t<button role=\"tab\" class=\"c-tabs__tab\" type=\"button\">More videos<\/button>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The U.S., the pioneer of this system and long the country to adopt the most foreign orphans, has not analyzed its own accountability, and some have questioned why. The State Department said questions from AP over several months have prompted it to begin trying to piece together its history from archives. An early review found that widespread practices in South Korea at the time \u201cmay have resulted in adoptions based on falsified documentation\u201d but no indication yet that U.S. officials were aware of it.<\/p>\n<p>Kim believes Western governments clung to the narrative that they were saving needy children and ignored evidence that suggested otherwise. Foreign diplomats in the country surely would have noticed that Seoul\u2019s streets weren\u2019t packed with abandoned babies and street children, she said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe were commodified like a good to be sold,\u201d she said. \u201cThey made fake orphans and fed the market.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>___<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>This story is the second in an ongoing investigation led by The Associated Press in collaboration with FRONTLINE (PBS). The first story is here. The investigation includes an interactive and the upcoming documentary South Korea\u2019s Adoption Reckoning, premiering Sept. 20 on PBS and online.<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"section-heading\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"l-article__sectionAnchor c-sectionHeading__anchor\" id=\"illicit-practices-of-a-systemic-nature\"\/><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Turinys:<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/naujienulaikas.lt\/index.php\/2024\/09\/21\/some-western-nations-may-have-ignored-adoption-fraud-korean-adoptees-allege-national\/#%E2%80%98Illicit_practices_of_a_systemic_nature\" >\u2018Illicit practices of a systemic nature\u2019<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/naujienulaikas.lt\/index.php\/2024\/09\/21\/some-western-nations-may-have-ignored-adoption-fraud-korean-adoptees-allege-national\/#Get_breaking_National_news\" >Get breaking National news<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/naujienulaikas.lt\/index.php\/2024\/09\/21\/some-western-nations-may-have-ignored-adoption-fraud-korean-adoptees-allege-national\/#%E2%80%98We_constantly_dropped_the_ball\" >\u2018We constantly dropped the ball&#8217;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"c-sectionHeading__title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%98Illicit_practices_of_a_systemic_nature\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\u2018Illicit practices of a systemic nature\u2019\t\t\t<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The Korean adoptee diaspora of around 200,000 children is thought to be the largest in the world. At the peak in the 1970s and \u201980s, South Korea was sending out babies by the hundreds per month.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s impossible to tell how many adoptions involved fraud, and advocates argue most went well. But France, the country that took in Yooree Kim, acknowledged in March that its own government had long known of \u201cthe existence of illicit practices of a systemic nature.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe public authorities were alerted early and were late in taking action,\u201d the report said. \u201cIn France, diplomatic archives and the archives of associations effectively showed these practices existed in countries over long periods of time and they were alerted at times at the highest levels, often in isolation, without any political reaction to put an end to them.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Access to birth control and abortion in the Western world had caused the number of domestically adoptable babies to plummet, and families clamored for children. The system was designed for the convenience of consumers, and most adoptive parents didn\u2019t even have to visit South Korea.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTo put it simply, there was supply because there was demand,\u201d said Park Geon-Tae, who leads a team with South Korea\u2019s Truth and Reconciliation Commission now investigating its adoption practices. \u201cWere there so many abandoned children in South Korea? We have yet to see this.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In 1974, South Korea tried to stop adoptions to Scandinavia, after its political rival, North Korea, charged that children were \u201cbeing sold like animals in the foreign land.\u201d South Korean government records from the time show that diplomats from Sweden, Denmark and Norway began begging for babies.<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tYooree Kim, right, who was 11 when she was adopted from South Korea to a couple in France, hugs her biological mother, who had come to visit her in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, May 24, 2024. (AP Photo\/Jae C. Hong).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cThe adoption of Korean orphans by Swedish parents is not because Korea is neglecting its orphans, but because Swedish couples without children are desiring to adopt them, so it would be good to continue the transfers of orphans,\u201d the Swedish ambassador said in a meeting with South Korea\u2019s deputy foreign minister in January 1975.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>South Korean Health Minister Ko Jae-pil wrote in a report that the countries sent nine pleas for adoptions to continue, citing at least 1,455 requests for Korean children. Ambassadors visited Korean officials multiple times and \u201chave kept badgering by sending diplomatic documents\u201d that practically threatened halted adoptions would damage relations, the report says. One wrote that he was \u201cconcerned that the public opinion against South Korea would worsen\u201d if they halted adoptions to Scandinavia. A Danish citizen wrote to the South Korean president directly to plead for him to expedite the adoptions of two Korean boys.<\/p>\n<p>Under pressure, South Korea reversed course.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAccepting the strong requests by related nations to resume adoptions is considered to promote international friendships,\u201d Ko wrote in 1975.<\/p>\n<p>In July of that year, Choi Young-ja\u2019s toddler ran out of the house to chase a cloud of insecticide sprayed by a fumigation truck with friends and never returned.<\/p>\n<p>She and her husband reported him missing and created posters with his photo and name, Paik Sang-yeol. They carried the posters into the country\u2019s largest adoption agency, Holt Children\u2019s Services, every month for years. Each time, they were told there was no information.<\/p>\n<p>Nearly 50 years later, after exhausting all other options, she submitted her DNA to a police unit that helps Korean adoptees find their families. Choi has been fighting stomach cancer. As she was rolled into the operating room, all she thought was that she could not die without seeing her son.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>When she learned last year that they had found him, she fell to the ground and wept.<\/p>\n<p>He\u2019d been adopted to Norway in December 1975, five months after he went missing. The documents that went with him made up a new name, and included a photo \u2014 black-and-white, his lips pursed tight, his hands curled inward. His adoption case number, K-8818, was taped to his chest.<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tChoi Young-ja holds a photo of her son, who went missing in 1975, in her motel room in Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, March 5, 2024. (AP Photo\/Ahn Young-joon).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The adoption agency that sent him away was Holt, the same agency she had visited so many times. She stormed into Holt\u2019s offices in Seoul, demanding her son\u2019s full adoption files, she said. When a worker refused without her son\u2019s signoff, Choi snapped: She flipped a chair, hurled a trash bin, and swung a roll of paper.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-inlineSignup\" data-newsletter-inline=\"\">\n<div class=\"c-inlineSignup__image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"225\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/wp-content\/themes\/shaw-globalnews\/images\/skyline\/national.jpg\" alt=\"For news impacting Canada and around the world, sign up for breaking news alerts delivered directly to you when they happen.\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"c-inlineSignup__content\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Get_breaking_National_news\"><\/span>Get breaking National news<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>For news impacting Canada and around the world, sign up for breaking news alerts delivered directly to you when they happen.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u201cDid you get me to sign off when you sold away my 4-year-old?!\u201d Choi recalled shouting. Holt did not respond to a request to verify Choi\u2019s account of the meeting.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>She\u2019s working with lawyers to file a lawsuit against the South Korean government and Holt for sending her son to Norway.<\/p>\n<p>Norwegian authorities \u201care aware of serious findings that have come to light\u201d about adoptions, said Ingeborg Gloppen Johnsen, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The country launched an investigation last year to uncover whether illegal or unethical practices happened, and if Norwegian officials failed to control them.<\/p>\n<p>In late October, Choi nervously paced her narrow living quarters, double-checked flight arrival times and dug through an album of fading photographs. She hadn\u2019t slept for days.<\/p>\n<p>Her boy \u2014 now a graying 52-year-old fashion designer \u2014 was coming to visit.<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tChoi Young-ja holds a smartphone displaying a photo of her son, who went missing in 1975, as she sits in her motel room in Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, March 5, 2024. (AP Photo\/Ahn Young-joon).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Choi quietly stood at the Incheon International Airport, sporting freshly styled hair and a vibrant pink cardigan she handpicked for the reunion. She\u2019d been rehearsing what to say, and practiced \u201cI\u2019m sorry\u201d in English.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Then he emerged from the crowd. She knew him immediately \u2014 the familiar round cheeks, the prominent ears, the wide, grinning eyes.<\/p>\n<p>She buried her face into his chest and wailed, managing to choke out the words:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m sorry.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"section-heading\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"l-article__sectionAnchor c-sectionHeading__anchor\" id=\"we-constantly-dropped-the-ball\"\/><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c-sectionHeading__title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%98We_constantly_dropped_the_ball\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\u2018We constantly dropped the ball&#8217;\t\t\t<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Americans pioneered the modern adoption system and brought home far more South Korean children than any other nation.<\/p>\n<p>In the 1950s, Harry and Bertha Holt, evangelical Christians from Oregon, said they\u2019d received a calling from God to save Korean War orphans. Until then, international adoptions were not common. But after the war, biracial babies born to Korean women and American soldiers were shunned by a society that valued racial purity and saw them as a painful reminder of U.S. imperialism.<\/p>\n<p>Harry Holt, a farmer and timberman, flew to Korea and rounded up a dozen orphans \u2014 eight for himself and four for friends. The Holts were \u201cdeluged\u201d with letters from others who wanted orphans of their own, Bertha Holt wrote in a memoir.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Harry Holt began flying planeloads of babies to the U.S. The only qualification for adoptive families was that they were born-again Christians.<\/p>\n<p>The government knew its citizens were desperate for children: Aching letters had been pouring into U.S. government offices from hopeful parents, begging for help finding someone to adopt, according to archives. A woman wrote she felt she was \u201ccheating\u201d her husband out of a family. Another said they wanted a child born to parents suitably intelligent. Yet another asked for a baby \u201cor one as young as I can get it.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tOregon farmer Harry Holt, left, checks the identification of one of the Korean orphans he brought from South Korea as they arrive in San Francisco, Dec. 17, 1956. (AP Photo\/Ernest K. Bennett, File).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>U.S. officials wanted to process the adoptions as quickly as possible to avoid bad publicity, according to internal government memos at the National Archives. A social worker wrote that an immigration official told her his boss \u201cwants no reports to reach Washington of dissatisfied customers due to delays in processing.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The mothers of biracial children didn\u2019t always want to give them up, records show. In a letter to his wife in 1956, Harry Holt wrote: \u201cOne poor girl almost had hysterics in the office. She thought she could keep track of her baby after he had gone to America. I had to tell her it was a clean break and forever. Poor girl, her baby wasn\u2019t weaned yet and she cried and cried.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The adoption business boomed and attracted competitors, including Eastern Social Welfare Society, Korea Welfare Services and Korea Social Service. Holt remained the largest, sending about half of Korean adoptees abroad. Holt split in 1977, forming a separate Oregon-based agency, Holt International, that often partnered with its Korean sister. By then, South Korea was climbing out of post-war poverty, yet the numbers of adoptions kept skyrocketing.<\/p>\n<p>An International Social Service social worker who visited the U.S. Embassy in Seoul around that time found what she saw \u201cdistasteful,\u201d according to documents at the agency\u2019s archives at the University of Minnesota Libraries.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt showed the callous way in which children going to the US. were processed, to me, it was a real assembly line type method,\u201d Patricia Nye, the east Asia director for ISS, wrote. \u201cOnly documents are seen, children are never seen by the visa officers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>American officials seemed to defer entirely to the agencies, she wrote: \u201cI was told that it is the US embassy\u2019s feelings that each agency should be left to their own cognizance.\u201d Nye has since died.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>At a hearing in 1977, a U.S. Congressman asked why so many children were still coming from South Korea. Immigration officials acknowledged it was because of \u201cthe active cooperation of the Korean government\u201d and \u201cvery active adoption agencies.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>An official testified that an officer in Tokyo would fly to Seoul for one week a month to make sure the children were adoptable orphans. But with hundreds of stories to verify in a single week, only a tiny fraction of adoptions were denied.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe didn\u2019t pay attention when we should have been in the beginning. Somebody should have said, what is going on? How is that possible?\u201d said Susan Jacobs, a retired State Department official who has worked on adoption reform efforts. \u201cWe were wrong, we were totally wrong, we constantly dropped the ball.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Laws tended to favor the desires of adoptive parents, she said, and there were few safeguards built into the system. International adoptions were shoehorned into a process built for domestic adoptions. After the federal government issued the initial visas, adoptions were finalized through thousands of local courthouses with different judges, laws and standards.<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tSigns for Holt Children\u2019s Services glow outside the company\u2019s office building at dusk in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, May 24, 2024. (AP Photo\/Jae C. Hong).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>In 1985, Judge Homer Stark in Gwinnett County, Georgia, noticed the adoption file before him for twin Korean boys included no acknowledgement of the birth parents or proof that they consented. The only paperwork submitted was a statement signed by a guardian, and it was unclear how the person came into possession of the children.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u201cThat opens a lot of holes for illegal things,\u201d Stark remembers thinking, in a recent conversation with AP. \u201cI don\u2019t know where this child came from, he might have been picked up off the street.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Stark asked the attorney general for an opinion. Assistant Attorney General David Will wrote that granting adoptions without documentation of the birth parents\u2019 consent \u201cwould condone the practice of the sale of kidnapping of foreign children for ultimate adoption in this state.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Will soon got a call from his boss to look in their office lobby, he told AP. Mothers had pushed their adopted children in strollers into the attorney general\u2019s office for a sit-in, claiming he was trying to shut down adoption.<\/p>\n<p>He says he tried to tell them: \u201cWe just want adoptions to be done right, to respect the rights of the parents and make sure that no one is stealing a child or buying a child.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>When Stark rejected the petition, it was granted by a judge in another Georgia county where the U.S. adoption agency was based. The adoptive father, who asked to not be named, still treasures the photo from that day \u2014 him and his wife, the judge and their twin sons, all smiling.<\/p>\n<section id=\"content-dynamic-trending-stories\" class=\"l-inlineStories l-inlineStories--tile u-hide-tablet-landscape\" aria-label=\"Dynamic trending stories section\">\n<p>\n\t\t<span class=\"l-inlineStories__title c-heading c-heading--strikethrough\">Trending Now<\/span>\n\t<\/p>\n<ul class=\"l-inlineStories__posts c-posts c-posts--inline \">\n<li class=\"c-posts__item\">\n<div class=\"c-posts__media \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img class=\"c-posts__thumbnail\" data-src=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/COTEAU_DU_LAC-9_20_24F.jpg?quality=85&amp;strip=all&amp;w=336&amp;h=224&amp;crop=1\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"336\" height=\"224\" alt=\"\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"c-posts__details\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-posts__headlineText\" title=\"\u2018I couldn\u2019t stop crying\u2019: Memorial grows for 5-year-old boy killed in home\" data-title=\"\">\u2018I couldn\u2019t stop crying\u2019: Memorial grows for 5-year-old boy killed in home<\/span>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-posts__item\">\n<div class=\"c-posts__media \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img class=\"c-posts__thumbnail\" data-src=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2024090900094-66de73b285d3c525fe1dc43djpeg.jpg?quality=85&amp;strip=all&amp;w=336&amp;h=224&amp;crop=1\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"336\" height=\"224\" alt=\"\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"c-posts__details\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-posts__headlineText\" title=\"Harris is erasing Trump\u2019s lead on the economy, new poll suggests\" data-title=\"\">Harris is erasing Trump\u2019s lead on the economy, new poll suggests<\/span>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>The year after his boys arrived, the adoption industry took its case to the legislature. Georgia\u2019s governor signed a bill into law in April 1986 that exempted the requirement to prove that birth parents gave their consent for foreign adoptions. It fell to federal officials to determine whether a child was truly an adoptable orphan.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u201cFor us, it seemed like we were sending children to a better situation \u2014 whether that\u2019s true or not, I can\u2019t tell you, but that\u2019s what it seemed like,\u201d said Donald Wells, who was chief of the State Department\u2019s immigrant visa unit in Seoul from 1980 to 1984. \u201cI\u2019ve always considered that we were doing a good thing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He estimates they processed more than 12,000 visas, and immigration officers checked if the child met the definition of an eligible orphan. If the paperwork then looked right to the State Department, they accepted it.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe saw paperwork, we did not see children,\u201d he said, \u201cand we did not have the resources to go out and investigate the background and find out where this child came from.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The immigration officer he worked with there did question where all the kids were coming from.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Ackerman, immigration attache at the U.S. Embassy in Seoul, told reporters in 1988 that he had heard allegations of birth mothers being bribed. But he said he saw \u201cno evidence of fraud or profiteering\u201d in his five years at the embassy, despite complaints that he was too tough with adoption applications. Ackerman, who has died, said then that he was \u201cbothered\u201d by the business.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen I see 500 kids going out of the country a month, I have to ask, \u2018Do we have a humanitarian effort or just a baby pipeline?\u2019\u201d Ackerman told United Press International. \u201cWhere does humanitarianism end and business begin?\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Today, the United States is in the middle of an emotional debate about how best to move forward with adoptions built on a model some call deeply flawed.<\/p>\n<p>Maureen Flatley, a consultant who\u2019s helped write reforms of the international adoption system, believes it can only do so after looking at its past. She recalled telling a lobbyist fighting against safeguards in the 1990s that one day, adoptees would grow up and tell their own stories, and that would force a reckoning.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI think that day has come and I\u2019m glad it\u2019s here,\u201d she said. \u201cI think it\u2019s long past time for the U.S. government to conduct a deep and thorough and searching investigation into what these practices have been. There\u2019s a reason the old saying is \u2018Those who don\u2019t learn from history are doomed to repeat it.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Michelle Bernier-Toth, the State Department\u2019s special adviser for children\u2019s issues, said the agency is tracking developments in Europe, and has been in contact with South Korea\u2019s truth-finding commission on adoptions. They are sympathetic to adoptees who believe their lives were shaped by fraud and deceit. The State Department just started working with an archivist to understand its own history, she said, but records are sparse and difficult to find.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The department emphasized that adoption now is very different. The United States in 2008 ratified the Hague Adoption Convention, an international treaty meant to safeguard intercountry adoptions. Agencies must now be accredited, there are far more regulations and a more stringent process for evaluating orphans. Most children now are older or have special needs, and the number of intercountry adoptions to the U.S. has plummeted from 20,000 in 2004 to less than 2,000, with just 47 from Korea last year.<\/p>\n<p>That has caused some to warn of the danger of stringent regulations making it too hard to save children from dire conditions abroad.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOf course, I, like all adoption advocates, would prefer that we have even better systems\u2026 to make sure that there are as few as possible illegal adoptions that happen,\u201d said Elizabeth Bartholet, a Harvard law professor and adoptive parent. \u201cBut if you set the standard to be \u2018we want zero,\u2019 you are going to deny millions of kids homes. And that\u2019s enormously destructive.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tYooree Kim holds up a blouse given to her by the adoption agency that sent her to France when she was 11 years old, at her apartment in Seoul, South Korea, Saturday, May 18, 2024. (AP Photo\/Jae C. Hong).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The lobby of Holt International, on a leafy street in Eugene, Oregon, is a museum to its origin story and Christian mission: to find families for the world\u2019s neediest children. It is a well-respected agency that works all over the world, and has called for stricter safeguards in the industry.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Holt asked Susan Soonkeum Cox, who retired last year after working for 40 years at the adoption agency, to speak to AP and Frontline. Holt brought Cox from Korea to the U.S. at around 4 years old in 1956.<\/p>\n<p>Cox rejects the allegations that agencies foraged for babies to send abroad.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat I\u2019m aware of is the franticness of so many children being brought to orphanages,\u201d she said. \u201cIt would be wonderful if every child born in Korea and every other country could stay with their biological family and live a happy, fulfilling life. But that\u2019s not the reality.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Holt\u2019s South Korea operation, a separate company from the U.S. Holt International, declined to comment on specific allegations, as did the three other Korean adoption agencies. Holt Korea in recent years has denied wrongdoing, attributing adoptees\u2019 complaints to misunderstandings and the country\u2019s problems with social welfare. Kim Jin Sook, president of Eastern, said the agency was just carrying out government policies to find Western homes for \u201cdiscarded children.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Cox said that as a representative of Holt, she\u2019s often at an \u201cuncomfortable juxtaposition\u201d where some fellow adoptees blame her. But she believes the majority are happily living their lives.<\/p>\n<p>Cox still refers to Bertha Holt as \u201cgrandma,\u201d and remembers finding a snapshot of a little girl staring off into the distance in a giant scrapbook when she first began working for Holt.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u201cOh my God, that\u2019s me,\u201d she gasped at the time. \u201cAny kind of hint or a clue is so precious.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>She later learned that her father was a Western soldier, and her mother, now dead, gave her the name Soonkeum \u2014 \u201cpure gold\u201d in Korean.<\/p>\n<p>On her 40th birthday, she reclaimed that name as part of her own.<\/p>\n<p>Most adoptees were babies and have no memories of their own. But Yooree Kim remembers.<\/p>\n<p>She was 11 when she and her younger brother were sent by the Korean agency Holt to a couple in France who\u2019d requested siblings around their ages. After a divorce, her impoverished single mother had put them in an orphanage so at least they could eat, a common practice then in Korea. Two days before Christmas in 1983, an orphanage worker pulled her aside to say they would be sent away.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>She was terrified. She claimed she was abused at her new home, which her adoptive parents deny. Her brother also denies it, she said, but he did not respond to AP requests for comment. A judge dismissed a complaint she filed against her adoptive father for insufficient evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Ten years after her traumatic move to France, she remembered her Korean family\u2019s names, their addresses. So she found them.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhy did you abandon me?\u201d she asked her mother.<\/p>\n<p>Her mother said she never did. When she returned to the orphanage, Angel\u2019s Home in Seoul, she learned her daughter was already gone.<\/p>\n<p>Angel\u2019s Home has since closed. From 1973 to 1990, at least 390 children from there were sent to foreign adopters, including 217 to the U.S. and 127 to France, according to information AP obtained through a records request. All but seven were handled through Holt.<\/p>\n<p>Kim\u2019s paperwork contains three conflicting stories of how she and her brother were turned into orphans.<\/p>\n<p>One said they were relinquished by their paternal grand-aunt, whom Kim never recalls meeting. Korean law made clear that consent for adoption can only come from parents, direct-line grandparents or legal guardians. Another document says Kim\u2019s mother agreed to the adoption. A third says the siblings were found \u201croaming\u201d the streets and were \u201cemotionally hardened\u201d by the experience. She wondered: How did no one in this system, from South Korea to France, catch such discrepancies?<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>She called the former president of Holt in Korea, who signed her paperwork.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHow can you say you knew nothing when you were the president?\u201d she asked on the call, which she recorded and provided to AP. He scolded her.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou are now 50, you should know better,\u201d he said to Kim. \u201cThis was something that happened 40 years ago.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"l-article__part\" data-shortcode=\"caption\">\n<figure class=\"c-figure c-figure--alignnone c-figure--expandable\">\n<div class=\"c-figure__inner\"><figcaption class=\"c-figure__caption c-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"c-caption__desc\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\tYooree Kim, who was 11 when she was sent by the Korean adoption agency Holt Children\u2019s Services to a couple in France, opens the curtain in her apartment in Seoul, South Korea, Saturday, May 18, 2024. (AP Photo\/Jae C. Hong).\t\t\t\t<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Then he hung up.<\/p>\n<p>When reached by AP, the president, Kim Han-Kyu, refused to comment on individual cases.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat would I know? The president stamps the paperwork as the guardian and the nuts and bolts are handled by working-level employees,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>He added that he didn\u2019t know where Holt got its children, but insisted it \u201cdidn\u2019t do bad things\u201d and agencies didn\u2019t compete for children.<\/p>\n<div class=\"c-ad c-ad--bigbox l-article__ad\">\n<p>Story continues below advertisement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u201cNo, no, no, the children were sent abroad as a government policy,\u201d he said. \u201cHolt and other social welfare organizations had the role of transport stations. You sent them because the government approved it, otherwise you couldn\u2019t.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Kim\u2019s French agency, Les Amis des Enfants du Monde, didn\u2019t respond to requests for comment.<\/p>\n<p>Kim wants the world to know what happened to her and to so many others. She stormed up to the home of a French adoption agency leader with a Korean film crew, pressed the buzzer and held it down for a full minute.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhy did you steal me from my Korean parents?\u2026They never abandoned me,\u201d she screamed, unsure if anyone was listening.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnswer me!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Part One:<\/p>\n<p>South\u00a0Korea\u2019s government, Western countries and adoption agencies worked in tandem to supply some 200,000 Korean children to parents overseas, despite years of evidence they were being procured through questionable or downright unscrupulous means,\u00a0an investigation led by The Associated Press\u00a0found. Those children grew up and searched for their roots \u2014 and some realized they are not who they were told. This story comes with an\u00a0interactive in collaboration with Frontline (PBS).<\/p>\n<p>\u2014<em>AP researcher Rhonda Shafner and reporter Lori Hinnant and Frontline\u2019s Lora Moftah and Emily Sternlicht contributed to this report.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script defer src=\"https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js#xfbml=1&#038;appId=318812448281278&#038;version=v3.3\"><\/script><br \/>\n<br \/><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/10766193\/korean-adoptees-western-adoptions-alleged-adoption-fraud\/\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yooree Kim marched into a police station in Paris and told an officer she wanted&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2965,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[494,491,495,492,493,205,490,489],"class_list":["post-2964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pasaulio-naujienos","tag-adoptees","tag-adoption","tag-allege","tag-fraud","tag-korean","tag-national","tag-nations","tag-western"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yooree Kim marched into a police station in Paris and told an officer she wanted to report a crime. 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